When Was Red Rocks Amphitheatre Built: A Comprehensive Guide?

Red Rocks Amphitheatre was built between 1936 and 1941, offering a unique blend of natural acoustics and stunning rock formations that make it a world-renowned concert venue. At rockscapes.net, we delve into the captivating history and enduring appeal of this iconic landmark, exploring its construction, design, and the natural elements that contribute to its fame. Discover how Red Rocks seamlessly integrates into the landscape, using local stone and innovative engineering to create an unforgettable experience, utilizing its rock setting, natural stone features, and unique sandstone. Explore our site for a wealth of information and inspiration on landscape design with stone.

1. What Sparked the Idea to Build Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

The idea to build Red Rocks Amphitheatre was sparked by a combination of factors, including the vision of Denver’s city leaders, the unique natural acoustics of the site, and the availability of labor and resources during the Great Depression. The dream was to create a one-of-a-kind performance venue that harmonized with the stunning natural landscape. This vision led to the construction of an amphitheater that would not only showcase world-class talent but also celebrate the beauty of the surrounding rock formations.

Red Rocks Amphitheatre’s history began long before its construction. In the early 1900s, the area was already being used for informal performances, recognizing the natural acoustics created by the towering rock formations. John Brisben Walker, an entrepreneur, purchased the area and began hosting events, further solidifying the site’s potential as a unique entertainment venue.

The pivotal moment came during the Great Depression when Denver Mayor Benjamin Franklin Stapleton and Parks and Improvements Manager George Cranmer sought to create jobs and improve the city’s infrastructure. They saw the potential of Red Rocks and proposed building a formal amphitheater using the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The CCC, a program created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, provided employment for young men while conserving natural resources.

The availability of CCC labor and federal funding made the construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre a viable project. The CCC workers, under the guidance of the National Park Service and architect Burnham Hoyt, began the arduous task of transforming the natural landscape into a world-class performance venue. Their efforts resulted in an iconic landmark that continues to inspire awe and wonder.

1.1. How Did George Cranmer Contribute to the Development of Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

George Cranmer played a pivotal role in the development of Red Rocks Amphitheatre by championing the project and securing the necessary resources. As Denver’s Parks and Improvements Manager, Cranmer recognized the potential of the Red Rocks site and spearheaded the effort to transform it into a world-class amphitheater. His vision and determination were instrumental in bringing the project to fruition.

Cranmer was a key advocate for using the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to build the amphitheater. He understood that the CCC’s labor and resources would be essential for completing the project within budget and on schedule. Cranmer worked closely with federal officials to secure approval for the project and ensure that the CCC workers had the necessary support and guidance.

Photograph of George Cranmer, Denver's Parks and Improvements Manager, standing near the Red Rocks Amphitheatre construction site, showcasing his involvement in the project's development.

In addition to securing resources, Cranmer also played a crucial role in the design and construction of the amphitheater. He worked closely with architect Burnham Hoyt to ensure that the design complemented the natural landscape and provided optimal acoustics for performances. Cranmer’s attention to detail and commitment to quality helped to create a venue that is both visually stunning and acoustically superb.

Cranmer’s contributions to Red Rocks Amphitheatre extended beyond its construction. He was also instrumental in promoting the venue and attracting world-class performers. His efforts helped to establish Red Rocks as a premier destination for music and entertainment, cementing its place in history.

George Cranmer’s vision, determination, and leadership were essential to the creation of Red Rocks Amphitheatre. His contributions ensured that the venue would not only be a functional performance space but also a celebration of the natural beauty of Colorado.

2. Who Approved the Construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

The construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre was approved by U.S. Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes on May 9, 1936. This approval was crucial, as it allowed Denver Mayor Benjamin Franklin Stapleton and Parks and Improvements Manager George Cranmer to utilize the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) for the project. Ickes’ decision paved the way for the transformation of Red Rocks into the iconic venue we know today.

Secretary Ickes’ approval was based on the proposal presented by Stapleton and Cranmer, which highlighted the potential of Red Rocks as a unique performance venue and the benefits of using CCC labor for its construction. The proposal emphasized the project’s ability to provide employment during the Great Depression while also creating a valuable asset for the city of Denver.

The approval process involved a review of the project’s design, budget, and environmental impact. The National Park Service also played a role in the approval process, providing guidance and expertise to ensure that the amphitheater would be constructed in a sustainable and environmentally sensitive manner.

Once Secretary Ickes gave his approval, the CCC workers began the arduous task of leveling the seating area, constructing the stage, and building the sandstone walls. Their efforts transformed the natural landscape into a world-class performance venue that has hosted countless memorable events over the years.

The approval of Red Rocks Amphitheatre’s construction was a significant milestone in the venue’s history. It marked the beginning of a transformative project that would not only provide employment and economic benefits but also create a lasting legacy for the city of Denver and the state of Colorado.

2.1. What Role Did the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Play in Approving the Project?

While the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) did not directly approve the construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre, they played a vital role in the project’s feasibility and ultimate success. The CCC was a key component of the proposal presented to U.S. Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, and their involvement was a major factor in securing approval for the project.

The CCC’s role was to provide the labor and resources necessary to construct the amphitheater. The CCC workers, under the supervision of the National Park Service and architect Burnham Hoyt, performed the bulk of the work, including leveling the seating area, quarrying and laying sandstone, and building the stage and support structures.

The CCC’s involvement in the project was mutually beneficial. The CCC provided employment and training for young men during the Great Depression, while also conserving natural resources and improving infrastructure. Red Rocks Amphitheatre provided a valuable project for the CCC, allowing them to showcase their skills and contribute to the development of a lasting landmark.

The CCC’s contributions to Red Rocks Amphitheatre were essential to the project’s success. Without their labor and resources, it would have been difficult, if not impossible, to construct the amphitheater within budget and on schedule. The CCC’s legacy is evident in every aspect of the venue, from the sandstone walls to the carefully crafted seating areas.

3. How Long Did It Take to Build Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

The construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre took approximately five years, beginning in 1936 and concluding in 1941. This lengthy construction period was due to the challenging nature of the project, which involved transforming a rugged natural landscape into a world-class performance venue. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) workers faced numerous obstacles, including difficult terrain, harsh weather conditions, and the need to carefully preserve the natural beauty of the site.

The initial estimate for the project was two years, but the scope of the work and the complexities involved soon became apparent. The CCC workers had to remove 50,000 cubic feet of dirt and rock to level the seating area, quarry and transport over 90,000 square feet of sandstone, and construct the stage and support structures. All of this work was done using mostly manual labor, with limited use of heavy machinery.

Despite the challenges, the CCC workers persevered, and their efforts resulted in a stunningly beautiful and acoustically superb amphitheater. The five-year construction period was a testament to their dedication and hard work, as well as the vision and leadership of the project’s planners and designers.

The extended construction period also allowed for careful attention to detail and a commitment to quality. The CCC workers took pride in their work, and their craftsmanship is evident in every aspect of the venue. Red Rocks Amphitheatre stands as a lasting monument to their skill, dedication, and hard work.

3.1. What Were the Main Challenges Faced During the Construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

The construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre presented numerous challenges, including the rugged terrain, the need to preserve the natural beauty of the site, and the limitations of manual labor. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) workers faced these challenges head-on, demonstrating their skill, determination, and commitment to creating a world-class performance venue.

One of the main challenges was the rugged terrain. The amphitheater is nestled between two massive sandstone formations, Ship Rock and Creation Rock, which presented significant obstacles to construction. The CCC workers had to remove 50,000 cubic feet of dirt and rock to level the seating area, a task that required considerable effort and ingenuity.

Preserving the natural beauty of the site was another major challenge. The planners and designers of Red Rocks Amphitheatre were committed to creating a venue that harmonized with the surrounding landscape. This meant minimizing the impact of construction on the natural environment and using local materials whenever possible.

The limitations of manual labor also posed a challenge. The CCC workers relied mostly on picks, shovels, wheelbarrows, and rock sleds to perform their work. While steam shovels were used for some of the heaviest tasks, most of the work was done by hand. This required a great deal of physical exertion and made the construction process more time-consuming.

Despite these challenges, the CCC workers were able to overcome them through their skill, determination, and hard work. Their efforts resulted in a stunningly beautiful and acoustically superb amphitheater that has become a beloved landmark for the city of Denver and the state of Colorado.

4. What Materials Were Used to Build Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

The primary materials used to build Red Rocks Amphitheatre were sandstone and reinforced steel. The sandstone was quarried in Lyons, Colorado, and carefully selected for its reddish color and textures, which closely resembled the natural stone found at Red Rocks. This ensured that the amphitheater would blend seamlessly with the surrounding landscape. The reinforced steel was used to provide structural support for the stage, seating areas, and other features of the venue.

The use of local sandstone was a key design element, as it helped to create a sense of harmony between the amphitheater and its natural setting. The CCC workers took great care to select and place the sandstone in a way that would enhance the beauty of the site. The reddish color of the sandstone also complemented the red rock formations that give the amphitheater its name.

In addition to sandstone and reinforced steel, other materials were used in the construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre, including concrete, wood, and various types of hardware. These materials were used to build the stage, seating areas, restrooms, and other support facilities.

The materials used to build Red Rocks Amphitheatre were carefully chosen for their durability, aesthetic appeal, and ability to withstand the harsh Colorado climate. The amphitheater has stood the test of time, thanks to the quality of its construction and the enduring nature of its materials.

4.1. Where Did the Sandstone Used in Red Rocks Amphitheatre Come From?

The sandstone used in Red Rocks Amphitheatre came from quarries located in Lyons, Colorado. Lyons is known for its high-quality sandstone, which is characterized by its reddish color and distinctive textures. The sandstone from Lyons was carefully selected for its aesthetic appeal and its ability to blend seamlessly with the natural rock formations at Red Rocks.

The CCC workers transported the sandstone from Lyons to the Red Rocks site using a variety of methods, including trucks, trains, and even horse-drawn wagons. The transportation process was challenging, as the sandstone was heavy and the terrain was often difficult to navigate.

Once the sandstone arrived at the Red Rocks site, the CCC workers carefully placed it to create the walls, seating areas, and other features of the amphitheater. The sandstone was cut and shaped to fit the specific requirements of each element, and the workers took great care to ensure that the finished product was both beautiful and functional.

The sandstone from Lyons played a crucial role in the construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre. Its reddish color and distinctive textures helped to create a sense of harmony between the amphitheater and its natural setting, making it a truly unique and unforgettable performance venue.

5. How Much Did It Cost to Build Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

The total cost to build Red Rocks Amphitheatre was approximately $473,163.56. This figure includes the cost of materials, which was $115,881.87, and the cost of labor, which was $357,281.69. The labor costs were paid by the federal government to the CCC and Works Progress Administration (WPA) workers who constructed the amphitheater.

While $473,163.56 may seem like a relatively small amount by today’s standards, it was a significant investment during the Great Depression. The construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre provided much-needed employment for hundreds of workers and helped to stimulate the local economy.

The cost of materials included the sandstone that was quarried in Lyons, Colorado, as well as the reinforced steel, concrete, wood, and other materials used in the construction of the amphitheater. The labor costs covered the wages paid to the CCC and WPA workers who performed the bulk of the work.

The investment in Red Rocks Amphitheatre has paid off handsomely over the years. The amphitheater has become a world-renowned performance venue, attracting millions of visitors and generating significant revenue for the city of Denver and the state of Colorado.

5.1. How Did the Great Depression Impact the Funding and Construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

The Great Depression had a profound impact on the funding and construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre. The economic hardship of the era led to the creation of programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which provided employment for millions of Americans. These programs played a crucial role in the construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre, providing both labor and funding for the project.

The CCC workers, who were paid a dollar a day, performed the bulk of the manual labor involved in constructing the amphitheater. They leveled the seating area, quarried and transported sandstone, and built the stage and support structures. The WPA also provided funding for the project, helping to cover the cost of materials and equipment.

Without the CCC and WPA, it is unlikely that Red Rocks Amphitheatre would have been built during the Great Depression. These programs provided the necessary resources to transform a rugged natural landscape into a world-class performance venue.

The Great Depression also influenced the design of Red Rocks Amphitheatre. The planners and designers were mindful of the need to create a venue that was both functional and aesthetically pleasing, while also being cost-effective. This led to the use of local materials, such as sandstone, and the incorporation of natural features into the design.

The Great Depression was a challenging time for the United States, but it also led to the creation of programs that had a lasting impact on the country. Red Rocks Amphitheatre is a testament to the ingenuity, resilience, and hard work of the American people during this difficult era.

6. Who Was the Architect Behind the Design of Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

Burnham Hoyt was the architect behind the design of Red Rocks Amphitheatre. Hoyt was a prominent Denver architect who was known for his innovative and modern designs. He was commissioned to design Red Rocks Amphitheatre in the 1930s, and he approached the project with a vision of creating a venue that would seamlessly blend with the natural landscape.

Hoyt’s design for Red Rocks Amphitheatre incorporated the existing rock formations into the structure of the venue. He used local sandstone to create the walls, seating areas, and other features of the amphitheater, ensuring that it would harmonize with its natural setting.

Hoyt also paid close attention to the acoustics of the venue. He designed the stage and seating areas to maximize sound quality, ensuring that every performance would be a memorable experience.

Hoyt’s design for Red Rocks Amphitheatre was a masterpiece of modern architecture. It combined functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability to create a venue that is both beautiful and practical. Red Rocks Amphitheatre stands as a lasting testament to Hoyt’s vision and talent.

6.1. What Were Some of Burnham Hoyt’s Other Notable Architectural Works?

In addition to Red Rocks Amphitheatre, Burnham Hoyt designed several other notable buildings in Denver and throughout the United States. His architectural style was characterized by its modernism, functionality, and attention to detail. Some of Hoyt’s other notable works include:

• Denver Dry Goods Building: This iconic department store in downtown Denver was one of Hoyt’s early works. The building was known for its Art Deco design and its innovative use of glass and steel.
• Denver Municipal Auditorium (now Ellie Caulkins Opera House): Hoyt designed the renovation of this historic auditorium, which included the addition of a new opera house. The renovation preserved the historic character of the building while also creating a modern and functional performance space.
• Central City Opera House: Hoyt designed the renovation of this historic opera house in Central City, Colorado. The renovation preserved the historic character of the building while also improving its acoustics and seating capacity.
• Chamberlin Observatory: Hoyt designed the Chamberlin Observatory, which is located on the campus of the University of Denver. The observatory is known for its beautiful architecture and its state-of-the-art telescope.

Hoyt’s architectural works have had a lasting impact on the city of Denver and the state of Colorado. His buildings are known for their beauty, functionality, and historical significance.

7. What Makes the Acoustics at Red Rocks Amphitheatre So Special?

The acoustics at Red Rocks Amphitheatre are renowned for their exceptional quality, which is due to a combination of natural and man-made factors. The unique rock formations that surround the amphitheater act as natural amplifiers and reflectors, enhancing the sound and projecting it evenly throughout the venue.

The shape and angle of the rock formations help to focus the sound waves, creating a natural echo that adds depth and richness to the music. The sandstone walls of the amphitheater also contribute to the acoustics by absorbing unwanted sound reflections and reducing reverberation.

In addition to the natural acoustics, the design of the stage and seating areas also plays a role in the sound quality. The stage is positioned to maximize sound projection, and the seating areas are arranged to ensure that every audience member has a clear line of sight and hears the music clearly.

The combination of natural and man-made factors makes the acoustics at Red Rocks Amphitheatre truly special. The venue is known for its exceptional sound quality, which has contributed to its reputation as one of the world’s best outdoor concert venues.

7.1. How Do the Unique Rock Formations Contribute to the Amphitheatre’s Sound Quality?

The unique rock formations at Red Rocks Amphitheatre, particularly Ship Rock and Creation Rock, play a crucial role in the venue’s exceptional sound quality. These massive sandstone formations act as natural reflectors and diffusers, shaping and directing sound waves to create a unique acoustic environment.

Ship Rock, located to the west of the stage, acts as a natural reflector, bouncing sound waves back towards the audience. This helps to amplify the sound and project it evenly throughout the venue. Creation Rock, located to the east of the stage, acts as a natural diffuser, scattering sound waves and reducing echoes. This helps to create a more balanced and natural sound.

The shape and angle of the rock formations also contribute to the acoustics. The curved surfaces of the rocks help to focus the sound waves, creating a natural echo that adds depth and richness to the music. The rock formations also help to block out unwanted noise from the surrounding environment, creating a more intimate and immersive listening experience.

The unique rock formations at Red Rocks Amphitheatre are a key factor in the venue’s exceptional sound quality. They create a natural acoustic environment that is unmatched by any other outdoor concert venue in the world.

8. What Types of Events Are Typically Held at Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

Red Rocks Amphitheatre is a versatile venue that hosts a wide variety of events throughout the year. The most common type of event held at Red Rocks is live music concerts. The amphitheater has hosted some of the biggest names in music history, including The Beatles, U2, and Jimi Hendrix.

In addition to concerts, Red Rocks Amphitheatre also hosts other types of events, such as:

• Film screenings: Red Rocks hosts film screenings throughout the summer, offering a unique opportunity to watch classic movies under the stars.
• Yoga and fitness classes: Red Rocks offers yoga and fitness classes in the mornings, providing a scenic and invigorating workout experience.
• Graduations: Red Rocks is a popular venue for high school and college graduations, providing a memorable setting for students to celebrate their achievements.
• Weddings: Red Rocks is a unique and romantic venue for weddings, offering stunning views and a memorable atmosphere.

The diverse range of events held at Red Rocks Amphitheatre reflects the venue’s versatility and appeal. Whether you’re a music lover, a film buff, or a fitness enthusiast, there’s something for everyone at Red Rocks.

8.1. Can You Name Some Famous Artists Who Have Performed at Red Rocks Amphitheatre?

Red Rocks Amphitheatre has hosted a constellation of legendary artists across various genres, solidifying its status as a premier performance venue. Here are just a few examples:

This is just a small sampling of the many famous artists who have graced the stage at Red Rocks Amphitheatre. The venue’s rich history and unique atmosphere have made it a favorite destination for performers and music lovers alike.

9. How Has Red Rocks Amphitheatre Evolved Since Its Construction?

Red Rocks Amphitheatre has undergone several renovations and improvements since its original construction in the 1930s. These changes have enhanced the venue’s functionality, accessibility, and overall appeal.

One of the most significant changes was the addition of a new stage in the 1980s. The new stage was larger and more modern than the original, providing performers with more space and better acoustics. Other improvements have included:

• Improved seating: The seating areas have been upgraded to provide more comfortable and accessible seating for audience members.
• Enhanced lighting and sound systems: The lighting and sound systems have been modernized to provide a better visual and auditory experience for concertgoers.
• New restrooms and concessions: New restrooms and concessions have been added to improve the overall amenities for visitors.
• Accessibility improvements: The venue has been made more accessible to people with disabilities, with the addition of ramps, elevators, and accessible seating areas.

Despite these changes, Red Rocks Amphitheatre has retained its original charm and character. The venue’s unique rock formations and natural beauty remain the centerpiece of the experience.

9.1. What Are Some of the Modern Amenities Available at Red Rocks Amphitheatre Today?

Red Rocks Amphitheatre offers a range of modern amenities to enhance the concert-going experience. These amenities include:

• State-of-the-art sound and lighting systems: Red Rocks boasts cutting-edge sound and lighting technology, ensuring optimal audio and visual quality for every performance.
• Comfortable seating: The seating areas have been upgraded to provide more comfortable and spacious seating for audience members.
• Modern restrooms: The restrooms have been renovated and expanded to provide clean and convenient facilities for visitors.
• Diverse concessions: Red Rocks offers a variety of food and beverage options, including local craft beers, gourmet food trucks, and classic concert snacks.
• Accessibility features: The venue is committed to accessibility, with ramps, elevators, and accessible seating areas available for guests with disabilities.
• Shuttle services: Shuttle services are available from various locations in Denver, providing a convenient and stress-free way to get to and from the amphitheater.
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These modern amenities, combined with the venue’s natural beauty and exceptional acoustics, make Red Rocks Amphitheatre a truly unforgettable concert experience.

10. Why Is Red Rocks Amphitheatre Considered a National Historic Landmark?

Red Rocks Amphitheatre is considered a National Historic Landmark due to its unique architectural and cultural significance. The venue is a masterpiece of modern architecture, seamlessly blending with its natural surroundings. It is also a testament to the ingenuity and hard work of the CCC workers who built it during the Great Depression.

Red Rocks Amphitheatre has played a significant role in the history of American music and entertainment. It has hosted some of the biggest names in music history and has become a beloved destination for performers and music lovers alike. The venue’s unique atmosphere and exceptional acoustics have contributed to its reputation as one of the world’s best outdoor concert venues.

Red Rocks Amphitheatre is also a symbol of the American spirit of innovation and resilience. The venue was built during a time of great economic hardship, but it has thrived and become a source of pride for the city of Denver and the state of Colorado.

For all these reasons, Red Rocks Amphitheatre is considered a National Historic Landmark, a designation that recognizes its exceptional value and importance to the nation’s heritage.

10.1. What Are the Criteria for Being Designated a National Historic Landmark?

The National Historic Landmarks Program recognizes historically significant sites that possess exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United States. The criteria for designation as a National Historic Landmark are rigorous and include:

• Historical Significance: The site must be associated with events, activities, or developments that have made a significant contribution to American history.
• Significance of Persons: The site must be associated with the lives of persons significant in American history.
• Architectural Significance: The site must embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values.
• Archaeological Significance: The site must have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

In addition to meeting one or more of these criteria, the site must also possess a high degree of integrity. This means that the site must retain its historic appearance and character. Red Rocks Amphitheatre meets these criteria due to its architectural significance, its association with important events in American music history, and its high degree of integrity.

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About Red Rocks Amphitheatre

• When Was Red Rocks Amphitheatre Built? Red Rocks Amphitheatre was built between 1936 and 1941, during the Great Depression.
• Who approved the construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre? U.S. Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes approved the construction of Red Rocks Amphitheatre.
• How long did it take to build Red Rocks Amphitheatre? It took approximately five years to build Red Rocks Amphitheatre.
• What materials were used to build Red Rocks Amphitheatre? The primary materials used were sandstone and reinforced steel.
• How much did it cost to build Red Rocks Amphitheatre? The total cost was approximately $473,163.56.
• Who was the architect behind the design of Red Rocks Amphitheatre? Burnham Hoyt was the architect.
• What makes the acoustics at Red Rocks Amphitheatre so special? The unique rock formations create a natural acoustic environment.
• What types of events are typically held at Red Rocks Amphitheatre? Concerts, film screenings, yoga classes, and graduations are common.
• How has Red Rocks Amphitheatre evolved since its construction? It has undergone several renovations and improvements, including a new stage and updated amenities.
• Why is Red Rocks Amphitheatre considered a National Historic Landmark? Due to its architectural and cultural significance.

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