Are you fascinated by fossils and the stories they tell about Earth’s history? The term “fossiliferous” refers to a rock layer abundant in fossils, and on rockscapes.net, we will explore these incredible geological formations, revealing the secrets they hold and how they can inspire your landscape designs. Discover how these ancient treasures can add unique character and a sense of timelessness to your outdoor spaces with rockscapes.net.
1. Understanding Fossiliferous Rock Layers
What exactly is a rock layer full of fossils called?
A rock layer full of fossils is called a fossiliferous rock layer. It’s essentially a sedimentary rock layer packed with fossils, providing invaluable insights into past life forms and environments.
1.1. Delving Deeper into Fossiliferous Layers
The term “fossiliferous” describes sedimentary rocks that are rich in fossils. These rocks are like time capsules, preserving the remains and traces of ancient organisms. Understanding the composition and formation of these layers helps us decipher Earth’s history and the evolution of life.
1.2. Types of Fossils Found in Rock Layers
Fossiliferous rock layers contain diverse fossils, including:
- Body Fossils: Preserved remains of organisms, such as bones, shells, and teeth.
- Trace Fossils: Evidence of an organism’s activity, like footprints, burrows, and fossilized droppings.
- Plant Fossils: Preserved remains of ancient plants, including leaves, stems, and roots.
- Microfossils: Microscopic fossils of bacteria, algae, and other tiny organisms.
1.3. Sedimentary Rock Formations
These fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rocks. According to research from Arizona State University’s School of Earth and Space Exploration, sedimentary rocks are formed from accumulated sediments like mineral or organic particles deposited by wind, water, or ice. The type of sediment determines the type of rock:
- Sandstone: Formed from cemented sand grains.
- Limestone: Primarily composed of calcium carbonate, often from shells and marine organisms.
- Shale: Made from compacted mud and clay.
1.4. Geological Significance
Why are fossiliferous rock layers significant?
- Evolutionary History: They provide a record of how life has evolved over millions of years.
- Past Environments: They offer clues about ancient climates, ecosystems, and geographic conditions.
- Dating Rocks: Index fossils help determine the age of rock layers and correlate rock formations across different regions.
2. The Formation of Fossiliferous Rock Layers
How do these fossil-rich layers form over time?
Fossiliferous rock layers form through a multi-stage process involving sedimentation, fossilization, and lithification. This process can take millions of years, transforming loose sediments into solid rock.
2.1. Sedimentation Process
Sedimentation is the initial step in forming fossiliferous layers:
- Erosion and Weathering: Rocks and organic materials are broken down by weathering and erosion into smaller particles.
- Transportation: These particles are transported by wind, water, or ice to sedimentary basins like oceans, lakes, and floodplains.
- Deposition: Sediments accumulate in layers over time, with the oldest layers at the bottom and the youngest at the top (Law of Superposition).
2.2. Fossilization Process
Fossilization is crucial for preserving organic remains:
- Rapid Burial: Organisms must be buried quickly after death to protect them from scavengers and decomposition.
- Preservation: Minerals replace the organic material, preserving the shape and structure of the organism.
- Types of Fossilization: Common processes include permineralization (minerals filling pores), replacement (minerals replacing original material), and carbonization (organic material turning into carbon film).
2.3. Lithification Process
Lithification turns loose sediments into solid rock:
- Compaction: The weight of overlying sediments compresses the lower layers, reducing pore space.
- Cementation: Dissolved minerals precipitate between sediment grains, binding them together. Common cements include calcite, silica, and iron oxide.
2.4. Environmental Factors
Environmental conditions greatly influence fossil formation:
- Aquatic Environments: Areas with high sedimentation rates, such as river deltas and shallow seas, are ideal.
- Anoxic Conditions: Low oxygen levels inhibit decomposition, enhancing fossil preservation.
- Sediment Type: Fine-grained sediments like mud and silt provide better preservation than coarse-grained sediments like sand and gravel.
3. Famous Fossiliferous Rock Formations
Where can we find some of the most famous fossil-rich rock layers around the world?
Several locations worldwide are renowned for their fossiliferous rock formations, offering unparalleled insights into Earth’s history. These sites provide a treasure trove of fossils that help scientists understand ancient life and environments.
3.1. The Burgess Shale (Canada)
The Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada, is one of the most significant fossil sites in the world:
- Age: Middle Cambrian period (about 508 million years old).
- Significance: Preserves soft-bodied organisms, providing a rare glimpse into the Cambrian explosion of life.
- Fossils Found: Includes diverse marine animals like Anomalocaris, Hallucigenia, and Opabinia.
3.2. Messel Pit (Germany)
The Messel Pit in Germany is a former oil shale quarry known for its exceptional fossil preservation:
- Age: Eocene epoch (about 48 million years old).
- Significance: Preserves complete skeletons of mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and insects.
- Fossils Found: Includes early horses, bats, primates, and various plant species.
3.3. Chengjiang Fossil Site (China)
The Chengjiang Fossil Site in Yunnan, China, is another remarkable Cambrian fossil site:
- Age: Early Cambrian period (about 518 million years old).
- Significance: Provides insights into the early diversification of animals.
- Fossils Found: Includes numerous soft-bodied organisms and early vertebrates.
3.4. Agate Fossil Beds National Monument (USA)
Agate Fossil Beds National Monument in Nebraska, USA, is famous for its Miocene mammal fossils:
- Age: Miocene epoch (about 20 million years old).
- Significance: Preserves skeletons of extinct mammals, including rhinoceroses, camels, and dogs.
- Fossils Found: Includes Menoceras (small rhinoceros), Stenomylus (slender camel), and Daphoenodon (bear-dog).
3.5. La Brea Tar Pits (USA)
La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California, USA, are a unique fossil site where asphalt seeps have preserved Ice Age fossils:
- Age: Pleistocene epoch (about 11,000 to 50,000 years old).
- Significance: Preserves skeletons of large mammals and other organisms trapped in the asphalt.
- Fossils Found: Includes saber-toothed cats, mammoths, dire wolves, and ground sloths.
4. Identifying Fossiliferous Rocks
How can you identify a fossiliferous rock in the field or in your backyard?
Identifying fossiliferous rocks involves careful observation and some basic knowledge of geology. Here are key characteristics and steps to help you recognize these fossil-rich rocks.
4.1. Visual Inspection
Start with a visual examination of the rock:
- Fossil Presence: Look for visible fossils on the rock’s surface. These may appear as shells, bones, plant imprints, or other distinct shapes.
- Rock Type: Determine if the rock is sedimentary. Sedimentary rocks often have layered appearances and may be composed of sand, mud, or calcium carbonate.
- Color: Note the color of the rock. Common colors for fossiliferous rocks include gray, brown, and tan.
- Texture: Examine the texture. Sedimentary rocks can be grainy (sandstone), smooth (shale), or crystalline (limestone).
4.2. Using a Hand Lens
A hand lens can reveal finer details:
- Magnification: Use a hand lens to magnify the surface and identify smaller fossils or intricate structures.
- Fossil Detail: Look for fine details on fossil surfaces, such as growth lines on shells or cellular structures in plant fossils.
- Mineral Composition: Observe the minerals surrounding the fossils. Common minerals include calcite, quartz, and pyrite.
4.3. Acid Test for Limestone
If you suspect the rock is limestone, perform an acid test:
- Dilute Acid: Place a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the rock.
- Effervescence: Observe if the acid bubbles or fizzes. This indicates the presence of calcium carbonate, a key component of limestone.
- Safety Precautions: Always wear gloves and eye protection when handling acid.
4.4. Common Types of Fossils
Knowing common fossils can aid identification:
- Shells: Look for bivalves (clams), gastropods (snails), and brachiopods (lamp shells).
- Corals: Identify branching or honeycomb-like structures.
- Plant Fossils: Look for leaf imprints, fossilized wood, or coal fragments.
- Vertebrate Fossils: Identify bones, teeth, or scales.
- Trace Fossils: Look for footprints, burrows, or fossilized droppings.
4.5. Location and Geological Context
Consider where the rock was found:
- Geological Maps: Consult geological maps to determine the age and type of rock formations in your area.
- Local Geology: Research the local geology to understand the types of fossils commonly found in the region.
- Outcrops: Examine natural rock exposures or road cuts for fossiliferous layers.
5. Landscaping with Fossiliferous Rocks
How can fossiliferous rocks enhance your landscape design, and what are the best practices for incorporating them?
Fossiliferous rocks can add a unique and timeless touch to landscape designs. Their ancient origins and intriguing textures make them a captivating addition to any outdoor space.
5.1. Design Ideas
Explore creative ways to use fossiliferous rocks:
- Focal Points: Use large fossiliferous rocks as centerpieces in gardens or water features.
- Pathways: Incorporate fossiliferous flagstones into walkways and stepping stones.
- Retaining Walls: Construct retaining walls using fossil-rich rocks to add character and stability.
- Rock Gardens: Create rock gardens featuring various fossiliferous rocks and complementary plants.
- Water Features: Integrate fossiliferous rocks into waterfalls, ponds, and fountains.
5.2. Selecting the Right Rocks
Choose rocks that complement your landscape’s style and environment:
- Rock Type: Select appropriate rock types based on your climate and soil conditions. Sandstone, limestone, and shale are common choices.
- Fossil Content: Consider the type and abundance of fossils. Look for rocks with well-preserved and visually appealing fossils.
- Size and Shape: Choose rocks that fit the scale of your landscape. Use larger rocks for focal points and smaller rocks for pathways and borders.
- Color and Texture: Select rocks with colors and textures that complement your existing landscape elements.
5.3. Best Practices for Installation
Proper installation ensures the longevity and beauty of your landscape:
- Site Preparation: Prepare the site by clearing vegetation, leveling the ground, and ensuring proper drainage.
- Placement: Arrange rocks in a natural and aesthetically pleasing manner. Consider the orientation of fossils and the overall composition.
- Stabilization: Secure large rocks to prevent movement. Use gravel or mortar to stabilize smaller rocks in pathways and walls.
- Planting: Select plants that complement the rocks and thrive in the local climate. Consider drought-tolerant species for rock gardens.
5.4. Maintenance Tips
Regular maintenance preserves the appearance of your fossiliferous rocks:
- Cleaning: Clean rocks periodically to remove dirt, algae, and other debris. Use a brush and water or a mild detergent.
- Sealing: Apply a sealant to protect rocks from weathering and staining. Choose a sealant appropriate for the rock type.
- Repair: Repair any cracks or damage promptly. Use mortar or epoxy to fill cracks and stabilize loose rocks.
5.5. Sourcing Fossiliferous Rocks
Find reputable suppliers for high-quality rocks:
- Local Quarries: Contact local quarries for a variety of rock types, including fossiliferous options.
- Landscape Suppliers: Visit landscape suppliers for curated selections of decorative rocks and stones.
- Online Retailers: Explore online retailers for specialized fossiliferous rocks and unique specimens.
6. Ethical Considerations for Fossil Collecting
What are the ethical considerations when collecting fossils, and how can we ensure responsible practices?
Collecting fossils can be an exciting and educational hobby, but it’s essential to practice responsible and ethical collecting. This ensures the preservation of fossils and their scientific value for future generations.
6.1. Respecting Laws and Regulations
Understand and comply with all laws and regulations:
- Private Land: Obtain permission from landowners before collecting fossils on private property.
- Public Lands: Check regulations for collecting fossils on public lands, such as national parks, forests, and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) areas.
- Permits: Obtain necessary permits for collecting fossils in certain areas.
- Export Restrictions: Be aware of laws regarding the export of fossils from certain countries or regions.
6.2. Minimizing Environmental Impact
Reduce your impact on the environment:
- Leave No Trace: Pack out everything you pack in, and minimize disturbance to the surrounding area.
- Avoid Sensitive Areas: Stay away from sensitive habitats, such as wetlands, nesting sites, and archaeological sites.
- Minimize Digging: Dig only when necessary and refill any holes you create.
- Avoid Damage: Do not damage or destroy surrounding rocks, plants, or wildlife.
6.3. Documenting Finds
Keep detailed records of your fossil discoveries:
- Location: Record the precise location where you found the fossil, including GPS coordinates if possible.
- Stratigraphic Context: Note the rock layer in which the fossil was found and any associated geological features.
- Photographs: Take photographs of the fossil in situ (in its original location) and after it has been cleaned.
- Data Labels: Create labels with essential information, including the date, location, and collector’s name.
6.4. Reporting Significant Discoveries
Report important finds to scientific institutions:
- Local Museums: Contact local museums or universities to report significant fossil discoveries.
- Paleontologists: Consult with paleontologists for identification and further study.
- Publications: Consider publishing your findings in scientific journals or sharing them on reputable online platforms.
6.5. Promoting Education and Conservation
Help educate others about fossils and conservation:
- Share Knowledge: Share your knowledge and experiences with others, promoting responsible fossil collecting practices.
- Support Museums: Support museums and educational institutions that study and display fossils.
- Conservation Efforts: Participate in conservation efforts to protect fossil sites and promote responsible land management.
7. The Economic Value of Fossils
What is the economic value of fossiliferous rock layers, and how do they contribute to various industries?
Fossiliferous rock layers have significant economic value, contributing to various industries, including paleontology, tourism, and the decorative stone market. Understanding this value can help promote responsible management and conservation efforts.
7.1. Paleontology and Research
Fossils are invaluable for scientific research:
- Research Funding: Fossil discoveries can attract funding for research projects and expeditions.
- Scientific Publications: Fossils are the basis for numerous scientific publications, advancing our understanding of evolution and Earth’s history.
- Academic Positions: Paleontology supports academic positions and research opportunities at universities and museums.
7.2. Tourism and Education
Fossil sites attract tourists and provide educational opportunities:
- Museums and Parks: Fossiliferous rock layers are key attractions for museums, national parks, and geological sites.
- Tourism Revenue: These attractions generate revenue through tourism, benefiting local economies.
- Educational Programs: Fossil sites offer educational programs and guided tours for students and the public.
7.3. Decorative Stone Market
Fossiliferous rocks are used in decorative applications:
- Building Materials: Fossiliferous limestone, sandstone, and other rocks are used as building materials for walls, floors, and facades.
- Landscaping: Fossiliferous rocks add unique features to gardens, pathways, and water features.
- Interior Design: Fossiliferous rocks are used in interior design for countertops, fireplaces, and decorative elements.
7.4. Mining and Quarrying
Fossiliferous rock layers are sometimes mined for industrial uses:
- Limestone: Mined for cement production, agriculture, and other industrial applications.
- Shale: Used in the production of bricks, tiles, and other ceramic products.
- Sandstone: Used in construction and as a source of silica for various industries.
7.5. Local Economies
Fossil-related activities can boost local economies:
- Job Creation: Paleontology, tourism, and the decorative stone market create jobs in local communities.
- Business Opportunities: These activities support local businesses, such as hotels, restaurants, and souvenir shops.
- Property Values: Proximity to fossil sites can increase property values and attract new residents.
8. The Grand Canyon: A Geological Wonder
How do the rock layers of the Grand Canyon exemplify geological principles and provide a window into Earth’s past?
The Grand Canyon is a geological masterpiece, showcasing millions of years of Earth’s history in its colorful rock layers. Its vastness and depth expose a remarkable sequence of rocks that illustrate fundamental geological principles.
8.1. Stratigraphy and Superposition
The Grand Canyon exemplifies stratigraphy:
- Layered Rocks: The canyon walls reveal distinct horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks, each representing a different period of deposition.
- Law of Superposition: The oldest rocks are at the bottom of the canyon, with progressively younger layers towards the top, demonstrating the law of superposition.
8.2. Unconformities: Missing Time
Unconformities in the Grand Canyon represent significant gaps in the geological record:
- Great Unconformity: A prominent unconformity separates the Precambrian rocks from the overlying Paleozoic strata, representing a gap of hundreds of millions of years.
- Angular Unconformity: The tilted layers of the Grand Canyon Supergroup beneath the horizontal Paleozoic rocks create an angular unconformity, indicating a period of uplift, erosion, and subsequent deposition.
8.3. Rock Types: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
The Grand Canyon showcases all three major rock types:
- Metamorphic Basement Rocks: The Vishnu Schist and Zoroaster Granite at the bottom of the canyon are metamorphic and igneous rocks formed during the Precambrian era.
- Sedimentary Layers: The majority of the canyon walls are composed of sedimentary rocks, including sandstone, limestone, and shale.
- Igneous Intrusions: Intrusive igneous rocks like the Zoroaster Granite cut through the metamorphic basement rocks.
Vishnu basement rocks with Zoroaster granite
8.4. Fossil Record: Clues to Ancient Life
The Paleozoic strata in the Grand Canyon contain numerous fossils:
- Marine Fossils: Fossils of marine organisms, such as brachiopods, corals, and crinoids, indicate that the region was once a shallow sea.
- Index Fossils: Certain fossils serve as index fossils, helping geologists determine the age of the rock layers.
8.5. Canyon Formation: Erosion Over Time
The Grand Canyon’s formation is a testament to the power of erosion:
- Colorado River: The Colorado River has carved the canyon over millions of years, gradually eroding the rock layers.
- Uplift and Erosion: The uplift of the Colorado Plateau provided the elevation needed for the river to erode downward.
- Ongoing Processes: The river continues to shape the canyon, with ongoing research studying river flow, sediments, and geomorphology.
9. Tools and Resources for Studying Fossiliferous Rocks
What are the essential tools and resources for studying fossiliferous rocks, and where can you find them?
Studying fossiliferous rocks requires a combination of tools, resources, and knowledge. Whether you’re a student, amateur enthusiast, or professional geologist, having the right resources can enhance your understanding and appreciation of these fascinating formations.
9.1. Essential Tools
Equip yourself with basic geological tools:
- Geological Hammer: Used for breaking rocks to expose fresh surfaces and extract fossils.
- Hand Lens: A magnifying glass for examining fossils and rock textures in detail.
- Chisel and Pick: For carefully removing fossils from surrounding rock.
- Safety Glasses: Protect your eyes from flying rock fragments.
- Gloves: Protect your hands from sharp edges and chemicals.
- Field Notebook and Pencil: For recording observations, locations, and other important data.
- GPS Device: For accurately recording the location of fossil finds.
- Camera: For documenting fossils in situ and after cleaning.
- Acid Kit: For testing rocks for calcium carbonate (limestone).
9.2. Identification Guides and Books
Consult reliable identification guides and books:
- Fossil Guidebooks: Field guides specific to your region or fossil type (e.g., “National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils”).
- Geology Textbooks: Introductory geology textbooks for understanding rock types, geological processes, and stratigraphy.
- Paleontology Books: Books on paleontology for detailed information on fossil identification, classification, and evolution.
9.3. Online Resources
Explore online databases, websites, and forums:
- Museum Websites: Websites of natural history museums (e.g., Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, American Museum of Natural History) for fossil collections and research.
- Geological Surveys: Websites of state and national geological surveys (e.g., United States Geological Survey (USGS), Arizona Geological Survey) for geological maps, reports, and data.
- Paleontological Societies: Websites of paleontological societies (e.g., Paleontological Society, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology) for research, publications, and events.
- Fossil Forums: Online forums and communities for sharing information, asking questions, and connecting with other fossil enthusiasts.
9.4. Museums and Universities
Visit museums and universities with geology and paleontology programs:
- Museum Collections: Examine fossil collections and exhibits at natural history museums.
- University Courses: Take introductory geology or paleontology courses to learn from experts.
- Research Opportunities: Participate in research projects or volunteer at museums and universities.
9.5. Geological Maps and Reports
Use geological maps and reports to understand the geology of your area:
- Geological Maps: Consult geological maps to identify rock formations, ages, and potential fossil sites.
- Geological Reports: Read geological reports for detailed information on the geology and paleontology of specific regions.
- Online Databases: Access online databases for geological maps, reports, and data.
10. The Future of Fossil Research
What are the exciting frontiers and future directions in fossil research?
Fossil research continues to evolve, with new technologies and approaches opening exciting possibilities for understanding Earth’s past. Here are some key areas driving future research in paleontology.
10.1. Advanced Imaging Techniques
Advanced imaging techniques are revolutionizing fossil research:
- Micro-CT Scanning: High-resolution X-ray computed tomography allows scientists to create 3D models of fossils without damaging them.
- Synchrotron Tomography: Provides even higher resolution images, revealing fine details of internal structures.
- Laser Scanning: Creates accurate 3D models of fossil surfaces, enabling detailed analysis and replication.
10.2. Molecular Paleontology
Molecular paleontology explores the preservation of organic molecules in fossils:
- Ancient DNA: Extracting and analyzing ancient DNA from fossils can provide insights into the genetic relationships and evolution of extinct organisms.
- Proteomics: Analyzing proteins preserved in fossils can reveal information about the physiology and biochemistry of ancient life.
- Lipid Analysis: Studying lipids (fats) in fossils can provide clues about ancient diets and environments.
10.3. Biogeochemical Analysis
Biogeochemical analysis examines the chemical composition of fossils and surrounding rocks:
- Isotope Analysis: Analyzing stable isotopes (e.g., carbon, oxygen, sulfur) in fossils can provide insights into ancient climates, diets, and ecosystems.
- Trace Element Analysis: Studying trace elements in fossils can reveal information about ancient environments and taphonomic processes.
10.4. Computational Paleontology
Computational paleontology uses computer models to simulate and analyze fossil data:
- Phylogenetic Analysis: Using computer algorithms to reconstruct evolutionary relationships based on fossil and molecular data.
- Biomechanics: Creating computer models to simulate the movement and function of extinct organisms.
- Paleoclimate Modeling: Using computer models to reconstruct ancient climates and environments based on fossil and geological data.
10.5. Exploration of New Fossil Sites
Exploration of new fossil sites continues to yield important discoveries:
- Remote Sensing: Using satellite imagery and other remote sensing techniques to identify potential fossil sites.
- Deep-Sea Exploration: Exploring deep-sea environments for unique fossil deposits.
- Polar Regions: Excavating fossils in polar regions, where cold temperatures can aid in preservation.
FAQ About Fossiliferous Rock Layers
Do you have more questions about fossil-rich rock layers? Here are some frequently asked questions to deepen your understanding.
What Makes a Rock Layer Fossiliferous?
A rock layer is considered fossiliferous if it contains a significant number of fossils, indicating a rich record of past life.
Where Are Fossiliferous Rocks Commonly Found?
Fossiliferous rocks are commonly found in sedimentary formations, such as limestone, shale, and sandstone, which were formed in environments conducive to fossil preservation.
How Do Fossils End Up in Rock Layers?
Fossils end up in rock layers through a process called fossilization, where the remains of organisms are buried in sediment and gradually replaced by minerals over millions of years.
Can You Find Fossils in All Types of Rock?
While fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rocks, they can occasionally be found in metamorphic rocks that were originally sedimentary, and very rarely in igneous rocks under specific conditions.
What Is the Significance of Fossiliferous Limestone?
Fossiliferous limestone is significant because it often contains a high concentration of marine fossils, providing valuable insights into ancient marine ecosystems and environments.
How Do Geologists Date Fossiliferous Rock Layers?
Geologists date fossiliferous rock layers using various methods, including radiometric dating of surrounding rocks and by identifying index fossils, which are fossils of organisms that lived during specific time periods.
What Can Fossils Tell Us About Earth’s History?
Fossils provide valuable information about the evolution of life, past climates, ancient environments, and major geological events in Earth’s history.
How Can I Start My Own Fossil Collection?
You can start your own fossil collection by researching local fossil sites, obtaining necessary permits, and carefully excavating and identifying fossils. Always follow ethical collecting practices and respect private property.
What Are Some Common Fossils Found in Fossiliferous Rocks?
Some common fossils found in fossiliferous rocks include shells, corals, plant fossils, vertebrate bones, and trace fossils like footprints and burrows.
Why Are Some Rock Layers More Fossiliferous Than Others?
Some rock layers are more fossiliferous than others due to factors like the abundance of life in the environment, the rate of sedimentation, the preservation conditions, and the geological history of the area.
Unearth the Past with Rockscapes.net
Ready to explore the fascinating world of fossiliferous rock layers? Whether you’re a homeowner looking to add a unique touch to your landscape, a landscape designer seeking inspiration, or simply a geology enthusiast, rockscapes.net offers a wealth of information, design ideas, and resources to help you bring the beauty of ancient stones into your life.
Discover the perfect fossiliferous rocks for your next project, learn about ethical collecting practices, and connect with experts who can guide you every step of the way. Visit rockscapes.net today and start your journey into the timeless beauty of fossil-rich landscapes.
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