How Old Are Rocks? Unveiling Earth's Ancient Secrets

How Old Are The Rocks beneath our feet? The age of rocks reveals fascinating insights into Earth’s history, and at rockscapes.net, we’re dedicated to helping you understand and appreciate these ancient time capsules. This article will explore relative and absolute dating methods, offering a comprehensive overview of how geologists determine the age of rocks and providing resources to help you incorporate this knowledge into your landscaping projects. Delve into geological timescales, radiometric dating, and isotope half-lives.

1. What Are the Two Primary Methods for Determining the Age of Rocks?

The two primary methods for determining the age of rocks are relative dating and absolute dating, providing complementary approaches to unraveling Earth’s history. Relative dating establishes the order of past events without specifying exact ages, while absolute dating uses radiometric techniques to determine a rock’s age in years.

Relative Dating: Establishing a Timeline

Relative dating is a method used to arrange geological events and the rocks they leave behind in a sequence, offering a historical timeline without assigning specific numerical ages. This approach relies on principles like stratigraphy and cross-dating to determine whether one rock or event is older or younger than another.

Stratigraphy: Reading the Layers of Time

Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers, primarily sedimentary rocks, and their arrangement in a chronological order. The fundamental principle of stratigraphy is the Law of Superposition, which states that in an undisturbed sequence of rock layers, the oldest layers are at the bottom, and the youngest layers are at the top. This provides a straightforward way to determine the relative ages of different rock layers.

Principle of Original Horizontality: Sedimentary layers are initially deposited horizontally. Tilted or folded layers indicate subsequent tectonic activity.
Principle of Lateral Continuity: Rock layers extend horizontally in all directions until they thin out or encounter a barrier.
Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships: A geological feature that cuts across existing rock layers is younger than those layers.

Cross-Dating: Fossils as Time Markers

Cross-dating uses fossils to determine the relative age of rocks. Fossils of simple organisms are found in older rocks, while more complex organisms appear in younger rocks, supporting the theory of evolution. Index fossils, which are widespread but existed for a limited time, are particularly useful for correlating rock layers across different regions.

Fossil Assemblages: Groups of fossils found together can provide a more accurate relative age than a single fossil.
Evolutionary Trends: Observing the gradual changes in organisms over time helps refine the relative dating process.
Correlation: Matching rock layers and fossil assemblages from different locations allows geologists to construct a more complete geological history.

Limitations of Relative Dating

While relative dating is useful, it has limitations:

No Specific Age: It does not provide the age of the rock in years.
Disturbances: Tectonic activity and erosion can disrupt the original sequence of rock layers.
Gaps in Information: Unconformities (gaps in the geological record) can make dating difficult.

2. How Does Absolute Dating Provide the Exact Age of Rocks?

Absolute dating, primarily through radiometric dating, provides the exact age of rocks by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes. This method offers a precise numerical age, allowing geologists to construct a detailed timeline of Earth’s history.

Radiometric Dating: Unlocking the Secrets of Radioactive Decay

Radiometric dating is a method of determining the age of a rock or mineral by measuring the amount of radioactive isotopes and their decay products. Radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate, which is known as their half-life. By knowing the half-life of an isotope and measuring the ratio of parent isotope to daughter product, geologists can calculate the age of the sample.

Understanding Isotopes and Radioisotopes

Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons determines the element, such as carbon having 6 protons and oxygen having 8 protons. Isotopes are variants of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. For example, Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons, while Carbon-14 has 8 neutrons.

Some isotopes are unstable and break down to form different atoms, emitting radioactivity in the process. These are called radioisotopes. Uranium, for instance, is a radioisotope that decays to form lead.

Half-Life: The Key to Radiometric Dating

The half-life of an isotope is the time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay. Uranium-238, for example, has a half-life of 4.46 billion years. If you start with 10 grams of Uranium-238, after 4.46 billion years, 5 grams will have decayed to lead.

Common Radioisotopes: Carbon-14, Potassium-40, Rubidium-87, Thorium-232, and Uranium-238 are commonly used for radiometric dating.
Decay Chains: Some isotopes decay through a series of steps, forming intermediate daughter products before reaching a stable end product.
Closed System: Radiometric dating assumes a closed system, meaning no parent or daughter isotopes have been added or removed from the sample since its formation.

Calculating the Age of a Rock

To calculate the age of a rock, geologists measure the ratio of the parent isotope to the daughter product. The older the rock, the lower the ratio of parent isotope to daughter product. For example, a young rock will have a high uranium content and a low lead content, while an old rock will have a low uranium content and a high lead content.

Uranium-Lead Dating: This method is used for dating very old rocks, typically billions of years old.
Potassium-Argon Dating: Useful for dating rocks ranging from a few thousand to billions of years old.
Carbon-14 Dating: Used for dating organic materials up to around 50,000 years old.

3. What Are the Different Types of Rocks and Their Typical Ages?

Different types of rocks—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—have varying typical ages due to their formation processes and geological history. Understanding these ages provides insight into Earth’s dynamic geological evolution.

Igneous Rocks: Born from Fire

Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Because radiometric dating can be applied directly to the minerals that crystallize from the molten rock, igneous rocks are often the easiest to date accurately.

Formation: Igneous rocks are created either through the cooling of magma beneath the Earth’s surface (intrusive igneous rocks) or the cooling of lava on the surface (extrusive igneous rocks).
Dating Methods: Radiometric dating techniques, such as uranium-lead, potassium-argon, and rubidium-strontium dating, are commonly used to determine the age of igneous rocks.
Typical Ages: Igneous rocks range in age from recently formed volcanic rocks to some of the oldest rocks on Earth, dating back over 4 billion years.

Sedimentary Rocks: Layers of Time

Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and cementation of sediments, such as mineral grains, rock fragments, and organic matter. Dating sedimentary rocks can be more challenging than dating igneous rocks because the sediments may come from different sources with varying ages.

Formation: Sedimentary rocks are formed through the processes of weathering, erosion, deposition, and lithification (compaction and cementation).
Dating Methods: While direct radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks is difficult, geologists use relative dating methods, such as stratigraphy and cross-dating, along with radiometric dating of interbedded volcanic ash layers, to estimate their age.
Typical Ages: Sedimentary rocks range in age from recent deposits to over 3.5 billion years old, with the oldest known sedimentary rocks providing evidence of early life on Earth.

Metamorphic Rocks: Transformed by Pressure and Heat

Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) are transformed by heat, pressure, or chemically active fluids. Dating metamorphic rocks can be complex because the metamorphic process can reset the radiometric clocks, making it difficult to determine the age of the original rock.

Formation: Metamorphic rocks are formed through the processes of regional metamorphism (large-scale tectonic activity) or contact metamorphism (localized heating around an igneous intrusion).
Dating Methods: Geologists use radiometric dating techniques to determine the age of metamorphic rocks, but they must carefully consider the effects of metamorphism on the isotopic systems.
Typical Ages: Metamorphic rocks range in age from relatively young to some of the oldest rocks on Earth, with some metamorphic rocks dating back over 4 billion years.

4. How Are Rocks Used in Landscaping and What Should Homeowners Know About Their Durability?

Rocks are used extensively in landscaping to add natural beauty, structure, and durability to outdoor spaces. Homeowners should understand the different types of rocks and their properties to make informed decisions about their landscaping projects.

Types of Rocks Used in Landscaping

Granite: A hard, durable igneous rock that is ideal for pathways, retaining walls, and decorative features.
Limestone: A sedimentary rock that is commonly used for paving stones, garden borders, and rock gardens.
Sandstone: A sedimentary rock that is valued for its natural colors and textures, making it suitable for patios, walkways, and water features.
Slate: A metamorphic rock that is known for its thin, flat layers, making it ideal for paving, roofing, and wall cladding.
River Rock: Smooth, rounded stones that are used for ground cover, drainage, and decorative accents in gardens and water features.

Factors Affecting Rock Durability

Climate: Freeze-thaw cycles can cause some rocks to crack and crumble over time, especially in colder climates.
Weathering: Exposure to sunlight, rain, and wind can gradually erode the surface of rocks, affecting their appearance and structural integrity.
Chemical Exposure: Contact with chemicals, such as de-icing salts or fertilizers, can accelerate the weathering process and damage certain types of rocks.
Traffic: High-traffic areas require durable rocks that can withstand abrasion and impact without breaking or wearing down.

Tips for Choosing the Right Rocks

Consider the Climate: Choose rocks that are resistant to freeze-thaw cycles and other weather-related damage in your area.
Match the Style: Select rocks that complement the architectural style of your home and the overall design of your landscape.
Think About Maintenance: Opt for rocks that are easy to clean and maintain, especially in areas that are prone to dirt and debris.
Check for Availability: Ensure that the rocks you want are readily available from local suppliers and that they fit within your budget.

Rockscapes.net: Your Partner in Landscaping with Stone

At rockscapes.net, we offer a wide variety of rocks for landscaping, along with expert advice to help you choose the right materials for your project. Our team can guide you through the selection process, providing information on durability, maintenance, and design considerations to ensure that your landscape looks beautiful for years to come. Contact us at 1151 S Forest Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States, or call +1 (480) 965-9011. Visit our website, rockscapes.net, for inspiration and detailed product information.

5. What Role Does Erosion Play in Revealing the Age of Rocks?

Erosion plays a crucial role in revealing the age of rocks by gradually exposing older layers of the Earth’s crust, allowing geologists to study and date them. This process helps uncover geological history and understand the formation of landscapes.

Erosion: Unveiling the Past

Erosion is the process by which natural forces, such as water, wind, ice, and gravity, wear away and remove rock and soil. As erosion occurs, it can strip away younger layers of rock, exposing older layers that were once buried deep beneath the surface. This exposure allows geologists to access and study rocks of different ages, providing valuable insights into Earth’s history.

Types of Erosion: Water erosion, wind erosion, glacial erosion, and chemical weathering are the primary types of erosion that affect rock formations.
Erosion Rates: The rate of erosion varies depending on factors such as climate, rock type, topography, and vegetation cover.
Erosion and Landscape Formation: Erosion plays a key role in shaping landscapes, creating features such as canyons, valleys, and mountains.

How Erosion Reveals Rock Age

Erosion reveals the age of rocks in several ways:

Exposing Older Layers: As younger layers are eroded, older rocks are brought to the surface, allowing geologists to directly examine and date them.
Creating Geological Cross-Sections: Erosion can create natural cross-sections through rock formations, exposing the stratigraphy and allowing geologists to study the relative ages of different layers.
Transporting Sediments: Erosion transports sediments from older rocks to new locations, where they can be incorporated into sedimentary rocks. By dating these sediments, geologists can infer the age of the source rocks.

Examples of Erosion Revealing Rock Age

Grand Canyon: The Grand Canyon is a prime example of erosion revealing rock age. The Colorado River has carved through layers of sedimentary rock, exposing rocks that are billions of years old at the bottom of the canyon.
Coastal Cliffs: Coastal cliffs are often eroded by wave action, exposing different layers of rock and providing a window into the geological history of the area.
Mountain Ranges: The uplift and erosion of mountain ranges can expose metamorphic and igneous rocks that were formed deep within the Earth’s crust.

6. How Does Plate Tectonics Influence the Age and Distribution of Rocks?

Plate tectonics significantly influences the age and distribution of rocks by creating new crustal material, recycling old crust, and causing deformation and metamorphism. These processes shape the geological landscape and affect the age of rocks in different regions.

Plate Tectonics: The Earth’s Dynamic Processes

Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into several plates that move and interact with each other. These interactions can result in the formation of mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes, and other geological phenomena. Plate tectonics also plays a crucial role in the rock cycle, influencing the formation, destruction, and alteration of rocks.

Plate Boundaries: Plate boundaries are the zones where tectonic plates interact. These boundaries can be convergent (plates collide), divergent (plates move apart), or transform (plates slide past each other).
Subduction Zones: At subduction zones, one plate slides beneath another, often resulting in the formation of volcanic arcs and deep-sea trenches.
Mid-Ocean Ridges: At mid-ocean ridges, new crustal material is created as magma rises from the mantle and solidifies.

Influence on Rock Age and Distribution

Plate tectonics influences the age and distribution of rocks in several ways:

Creation of New Crust: At mid-ocean ridges, new oceanic crust is formed from basaltic magma. This new crust is relatively young compared to older continental crust.
Recycling of Old Crust: At subduction zones, oceanic crust is recycled back into the mantle, effectively destroying old crustal material.
Mountain Building: The collision of tectonic plates can result in the formation of mountain ranges, exposing metamorphic and igneous rocks that were formed deep within the Earth’s crust.
Deformation and Metamorphism: Plate tectonic forces can cause rocks to deform and undergo metamorphism, altering their mineral composition and texture.

Examples of Plate Tectonics Affecting Rock Age

Himalayan Mountains: The Himalayan Mountains were formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, resulting in the uplift of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that were once part of the Tethys Sea.
Andes Mountains: The Andes Mountains are a volcanic arc formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate. The volcanic rocks in the Andes are relatively young compared to the older rocks in the surrounding regions.
East African Rift Valley: The East African Rift Valley is a divergent plate boundary where the African Plate is splitting apart. This rifting has resulted in the formation of volcanoes and the exposure of ancient rocks in the rift valley.

7. Can Environmental Factors Like Climate Change Affect Rock Dating?

While climate change does not directly affect the radioactive decay rates used in radiometric dating, it can influence the interpretation of rock ages by altering weathering and erosion patterns, which can impact the geological context.

Climate Change and Rock Weathering

Climate change is causing significant alterations to global weather patterns, leading to increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. These changes can affect the rates of weathering and erosion, which in turn can impact the geological context of rocks.

Increased Weathering: Higher temperatures and increased precipitation can accelerate chemical weathering processes, such as dissolution and oxidation, which break down rocks more quickly.
Altered Erosion Patterns: Changes in precipitation patterns can lead to increased erosion in some areas and decreased erosion in others. This can affect the exposure of rocks and the deposition of sediments.
Permafrost Thaw: In polar regions, the thawing of permafrost can destabilize rock formations and lead to increased erosion and landslides.

Impact on Rock Dating Interpretation

While climate change does not directly alter the fundamental principles of radiometric dating, it can influence the interpretation of rock ages in several ways:

Disturbed Geological Context: Accelerated weathering and erosion can disturb the geological context of rocks, making it more difficult to interpret their ages accurately.
Sedimentation Rates: Changes in sedimentation rates can affect the deposition of sedimentary rocks, which can impact the relative dating of different layers.
Fossil Preservation: Altered environmental conditions can affect the preservation of fossils in sedimentary rocks, which can complicate cross-dating efforts.

Mitigating the Effects

To mitigate the effects of climate change on rock dating interpretation, geologists can use several strategies:

Detailed Stratigraphic Analysis: Conducting detailed stratigraphic analysis to understand the geological context of rocks and identify any disturbances caused by weathering and erosion.
Multiple Dating Methods: Using multiple dating methods to cross-check the ages of rocks and ensure the accuracy of the results.
Climate Modeling: Incorporating climate modeling into geological studies to better understand the effects of climate change on weathering and erosion patterns.

8. What Are Some Common Misconceptions About the Age of Rocks?

Several common misconceptions exist about the age of rocks, often stemming from a lack of understanding of geological time scales and dating methods. Addressing these misconceptions helps promote a more accurate understanding of Earth’s history.

Misconception 1: All Rocks Are Extremely Old

While some rocks are billions of years old, not all rocks share this antiquity. The age of a rock depends on its formation process and geological history.

Volcanic Rocks: Newly formed volcanic rocks can be very young, sometimes only a few years old.
Sedimentary Deposits: Recent sedimentary deposits, such as river sediments and coastal sands, are also relatively young.

Misconception 2: Rock Age Can Always Be Determined Accurately

While radiometric dating methods are highly accurate, they are not foolproof. Factors such as weathering, metamorphism, and open-system behavior can affect the accuracy of rock dating.

Weathering Effects: Weathering can alter the chemical composition of rocks, affecting the reliability of radiometric dating results.
Metamorphic Resetting: Metamorphism can reset the radiometric clocks in rocks, making it difficult to determine their original age.
Open-System Behavior: If a rock has been an open system, meaning that isotopes have been added or removed, the dating results may be inaccurate.

Misconception 3: Relative Dating Is Unreliable

While relative dating does not provide specific ages, it is a valuable tool for understanding the sequence of geological events and the relative ages of rocks.

Stratigraphic Principles: Relative dating relies on fundamental stratigraphic principles, such as the Law of Superposition, which are generally reliable in undisturbed rock sequences.
Fossil Correlation: Cross-dating using fossils can provide accurate relative ages for rocks in different regions.

Misconception 4: Radiometric Dating Is Only Used for Old Rocks

While radiometric dating is often used for dating very old rocks, it can also be used to date younger rocks and even organic materials.

Carbon-14 Dating: Carbon-14 dating is used to date organic materials up to around 50,000 years old.
Potassium-Argon Dating: Potassium-argon dating can be used to date rocks ranging from a few thousand to billions of years old.

9. How Do Scientists Validate the Accuracy of Rock Dating Methods?

Scientists validate the accuracy of rock dating methods through a combination of cross-checking with multiple dating techniques, comparing results with independent geological evidence, and conducting rigorous laboratory analyses to minimize errors.

Cross-Checking Dating Techniques

One of the primary ways scientists validate the accuracy of rock dating methods is by cross-checking the results with multiple dating techniques. If different dating methods yield consistent ages for the same rock sample, it provides strong evidence that the results are accurate.

Uranium-Lead and Potassium-Argon Dating: Comparing the ages obtained from uranium-lead dating with those from potassium-argon dating can help validate the results.
Carbon-14 and Radiometric Dating: For younger samples, comparing the ages obtained from carbon-14 dating with those from other radiometric dating methods can provide additional validation.

Comparing with Independent Geological Evidence

Scientists also compare the results of rock dating methods with independent geological evidence to validate their accuracy. This can include comparing the ages of rocks with the ages of fossils, the ages of volcanic eruptions, and the ages of other geological events.

Fossil Ages: Comparing the ages of rocks with the ages of fossils found within those rocks can provide a valuable check on the accuracy of the dating results.
Volcanic Eruptions: Comparing the ages of rocks with the ages of known volcanic eruptions can also help validate the dating results.

Rigorous Laboratory Analyses

To minimize errors and ensure the accuracy of rock dating methods, scientists conduct rigorous laboratory analyses. This includes carefully preparing the rock samples, using high-precision instruments, and conducting multiple measurements to reduce statistical uncertainty.

Sample Preparation: Proper sample preparation is essential for accurate rock dating. This includes carefully cleaning the rock samples to remove any contaminants and selecting the appropriate minerals for dating.
High-Precision Instruments: Scientists use high-precision instruments, such as mass spectrometers, to measure the isotopic ratios in rock samples.
Statistical Analysis: Scientists conduct statistical analysis to estimate the uncertainty in the dating results and to identify any potential sources of error.

10. What Resources Are Available for Learning More About Rock Dating and Geology?

Numerous resources are available for those interested in learning more about rock dating and geology, including academic institutions, geological surveys, museums, and online platforms like rockscapes.net. These resources offer a wealth of information for both beginners and advanced learners.

Academic Institutions

Many universities and colleges offer courses and degree programs in geology, geochronology, and related fields. These programs provide in-depth knowledge of rock dating methods and geological principles.

Arizona State University’s School of Earth and Space Exploration: Renowned for its geology and geochronology programs, offering cutting-edge research and educational opportunities. Address: 1151 S Forest Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States. Phone: +1 (480) 965-9011. Website: https://sese.asu.edu/
Stanford University’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences: Offers comprehensive geology and earth science programs with a focus on sustainability and environmental stewardship. Website: https://earth.stanford.edu/
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences: Known for its rigorous research and innovative approaches to understanding Earth’s systems. Website: https://eaps.mit.edu/

Geological Surveys

Geological surveys, such as the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), conduct research and provide information on the geology and natural resources of the country. These surveys often publish reports, maps, and data that are valuable for learning about rock dating and geology.

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): Provides extensive resources on geology, including publications, maps, and data. Website: https://www.usgs.gov/
Arizona Geological Survey: Focuses on the geology of Arizona, offering information on geological hazards, mineral resources, and environmental geology. Website: https://azgs.arizona.edu/

Museums

Museums with geology exhibits offer a great way to learn about rocks, minerals, and the history of Earth. These exhibits often include displays of rocks with known ages and explanations of dating methods.

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: Features extensive exhibits on geology, paleontology, and mineralogy. Website: https://naturalhistory.si.edu/
Arizona Museum of Natural History: Offers exhibits on the geology of Arizona and the Southwest, including displays of rocks, minerals, and fossils. Website: https://www.arizonamuseumofnaturalhistory.org/

Online Platforms

Online platforms, such as websites, online courses, and educational videos, provide a convenient way to learn about rock dating and geology from anywhere.

Khan Academy: Offers free educational resources on geology and earth science, including videos and interactive exercises. Website: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/geology
Coursera: Provides online courses on geology and related topics from universities around the world. Website: https://www.coursera.org/
Rockscapes.net: Offers articles, guides, and resources on using rocks in landscaping, with information on the properties and origins of different types of rocks. Website: https://rockscapes.net/

FAQ: Unveiling the Age of Rocks

1. How do geologists determine the age of a rock?

Geologists determine the age of a rock using two main methods: relative dating and absolute dating. Relative dating compares the age of one rock to another without finding its specific age, while absolute dating uses radiometric techniques to find the approximate age in years.

2. What is relative dating, and how does it work?

Relative dating determines the order of past events by comparing the age of one object to another. It uses methods like stratigraphy, studying rock layers, and cross-dating, using fossils, to determine relative ages without giving specific dates.

3. What is absolute dating, and how does it differ from relative dating?

Absolute dating finds the actual age of a rock in years, primarily through radiometric dating. Unlike relative dating, which only establishes a sequence of events, absolute dating provides a numerical age.

4. What is radiometric dating, and how is it used to determine the age of rocks?

Radiometric dating measures the decay of radioactive isotopes within a rock to determine its age. By knowing the half-life of an isotope and measuring the ratio of parent to daughter isotopes, geologists can calculate the rock’s age.

5. What is a half-life, and why is it important in radiometric dating?

A half-life is the time it takes for half of the atoms in a radioactive isotope to decay. It is crucial in radiometric dating because it provides a constant rate of decay, allowing scientists to calculate the age of a sample accurately.

6. Can different types of rocks have different ages?

Yes, different types of rocks—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—have varying typical ages due to their formation processes and geological history. Igneous rocks are often the easiest to date accurately, while sedimentary rocks can be more challenging.

7. How do external forces like plate tectonics affect the age of rocks?

Plate tectonics influences the age and distribution of rocks by creating new crustal material, recycling old crust, and causing deformation and metamorphism. These processes shape the geological landscape and affect the age of rocks in different regions.

8. What are some common radioisotopes used in radiometric dating?

Common radioisotopes used in radiometric dating include Carbon-14, Potassium-40, Rubidium-87, Thorium-232, and Uranium-238, each with different half-lives suitable for dating materials of various ages.

9. How does erosion play a role in revealing the age of rocks?

Erosion reveals the age of rocks by gradually exposing older layers of the Earth’s crust, allowing geologists to study and date them. This process helps uncover geological history and understand the formation of landscapes.

10. Where can I learn more about rock dating and geology?

You can learn more about rock dating and geology through academic institutions like Arizona State University, geological surveys such as the U.S. Geological Survey, museums like the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, and online platforms like Khan Academy and rockscapes.net.

Ready to explore the fascinating world of rocks and landscaping? Visit rockscapes.net today for design inspiration, detailed product information, and expert advice. Let us help you bring the timeless beauty of stone into your outdoor spaces. Contact us at 1151 S Forest Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States, or call +1 (480) 965-9011.